|
A narcissistic parent is a parent affected by narcissism or narcissistic personality disorder. Typically narcissistic parents are exclusively and possessively close to their children and may be especially envious of, and threatened by, their child's growing independence.〔Stephen E. Levich, ''Clone Being'' (2004) p. 31 and p.89-91〕 The result may be what has been termed a pattern of narcissistic attachment, with the child considered to exist solely to fulfill the parent's wishes and needs.〔David Stafford & Liz Hodgkinson, ''Codependency'' (London 1995) p. 41〕 Relative to developmental psychology, narcissistic parenting will adversely affect children in the areas of reasoning, emotional, ethical, and societal behaviors and attitudes as they mature.〔(2015, Apr. 27 ). In Wikipedia. Retrieved Apr. 27, 2015, from http://hciresearch4.hcii.cs.cmu.edu/~rfarzan/APSWI-Patrick/stage/site/searcharticles.php?title=Parenting%20styles.〕 Within the realm of narcissistic parenting, personal boundaries are often disregarded with the goal of molding and manipulating the child to satisfy the parents’ expectations.〔Banschick M.D., M. (2013, March 13). The Narcissistic Father. Retrieved April 29, 2015, from https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-intelligent-divorce/201303/the-narcissistic-father.〕 Narcissistic people with low self esteem feel the need to control how others regard them, fearing they will be blamed or rejected and personal inadequacies exposed. They are self-absorbed, some to the point of grandiosity; and being preoccupied with protecting their self image, they tend to be inflexible, and lack the empathy necessary for child raising.〔 ==Characteristics== The term “narcissism,” as used in Sigmund Freud’s clinical study, noted behavioral observations such as self-aggrandizement, self-esteem vulnerability, fear of losing the affection of people and of failure, reliance on defense mechanisms, perfectionism and interpersonal conflict.〔Raskin, Robert, and Howard. Terry. (1988). A Principal-Components Analysis of the Narcissistic Personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54 (5), PP 890-902〕 Narcissism tends to play out inter-generationally, with narcissistic parents producing either narcissistic or codependent children in turn.〔Simon Crompton, ''All about Me: Loving a Narcissist'' (London 2007) p. 119〕 Whereas a self-confident parent - the good-enough parent – can allow a child its autonomous development, the narcissistic parent may instead use the child as a means to promote their own image.〔Salman Akhtar, ''Good Feeling'' (London 2009) p. 86〕 The father concerned with self-enhancement - with being mirrored and admired by a son〔Heinz Kohut, ''How Does Analysis Cure?'' (London 1984) p. 183〕 - may leave the latter feeling a puppet to his father's emotional/intellectual demands.〔Joseph Glenmullen, ''Prozac Backlash'' (New York 2000) p. 278 and p. 266〕 To maintain their self-esteem, and protect their vulnerable selves, narcissists need to control others' behavior – particularly that of their children seen as extensions of themselves.〔Rappoport, Alan, Ph. D.(Co-Narcissism: How We Adapt to Narcissis. The Therapist, 2005 ).〕 Thus narcissistic parents may speak of "carry() the torch," "maintain() the family image," or "make() mom or dad proud" and may reproach their children for exhibiting "weakness," "being too dramatic," or not meeting the standard of "what is expected." As a result, children of narcissists learn to "play their part" and to "perform their special skill," especially in public or for others; but typically do not have many memories of having felt loved or appreciated for being themselves, rather associating their experience of love and appreciation with conforming to the demands of the narcissistic parent.〔Boyd, R. ''(How Early Childhood Oedipal Narcissistic Development Affects Later Adult Intimacy and Relationships )'' 2011〕 Destructive narcissistic parents have a pattern of consistently being the focus of attention, exaggerating, seeking compliments and putting their children down.〔Simon Crompton, ''All about Me: Loving a Narcissist'' (London 2007) p. 120〕 Punishment in the form of blame, criticism or emotional blackmail, and attempts to induce guilt, may be used to ensure compliance with the parents' wishes and their need for narcissistic supply.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Narcissistic parent」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|